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Wycena przedsiębiorstwa metodą skorygowanych aktywów netto
W praktyce gospodarczej rzadko zdarza się sytuacja, że wartość księgowa odpowiada wartości godziwej przedsiębiorstwa. Dlatego do wycen wykorzystuje się Metodę wartości skorygowanych aktywów netto (Adjusted Net Asset Method). Należy ona do jednej z najbardziej popularnych metod wyceny majątkowej przedsiębiorstwa. W pewien sposób ogranicza niedoskonałości metody księgowej, niemniej jednak jest do niej zbliżona. Główne założenie tej metody to: „przedsiębiorstwo warte jest tyle, ile wartość rynkowa jego składników majątkowych, pomniejszonych o powstałe do spłaty zobowiązania”. Jej celem jest urealnienie aktywów danego podmiotu, poprzez korekty poszczególnych pozycji bilansu.
Ma zastosowanie głównie:
jako metoda uzupełniająca do metod dochodowych i / lub porównawczych,
w przypadku wycen spółek miejskich, samorządowych – których celem nie jest maksymalizacja majątku właściciela, a na przykład cele publiczne, społeczne, etc.,
jeżeli poważnie zagrożone jest dalsze kontynuowanie działalności danego przedsiębiorstwa i bierze się pod uwagę możliwość jego likwidacji w najbliższym czasie.
Dokonywane korekty mają na celu ustalenie wartości rynkowej, posiadanego przez firmę majątku netto.
W przypadku aktywów, korekty dotyczą głównie:
dodania lub odjęcia odpowiednich kwot do / od wykazanych w bilansie wartości księgowych poszczególnych składników majątku trwałego, po to, aby po tych operacjach uzyskać ich wartości rynkowe. W tym celu istotna jest współpraca z rzeczoznawcami majątkowymi i wykorzystanie sporządzonych przez nich operatów szacunkowych (nie starszych niż 6 miesięcy od daty wyceny), obrazujących aktualną wartość rynkową aktywów trwałych (nieruchomości, ruchomości, maszyn i urządzeń),
pomniejszenie lub powiększenie wartości zapasów do poziomu aktualnych cen rynkowych, w tym dokonanie korekty o zapasy niezbywalne lub trudno-zbywalne,
pomniejszenie wartości należności o kwoty należności trudno-ściągalnych lub nieściągalnych,
korekty innych składników majątkowych do ich rynkowych wartości.
Jeśli chodzi okorekty pasywów, dotyczą one przede wszystkim:
zmniejszenia rezerw o rezerwy, które nie mają znamion zobowiązań,
zwiększenie lub zmniejszenie innych pozycji do wartości rynkowych lub wartości wynikających z określonych umów, np. długoterminowej umowy z podmiotem publicznym, w której zakładane są określone zyski,
rozliczeń międzyokresowych o rezerwy, które nie mają charakteru długu.
Ważne w tej metodzie jest ujęcie również aktywów oraz pasywów pozabilansowych. Do aktywów niewykazanych w bilansie należą na przykład składniki majątku przedsiębiorstwa, które zostały całkowicie zamortyzowane, natomiast posiadają określoną wartość rynkową oraz oczywiście aktywa niematerialne. W ramach pasywów pozabilansowych, należy uwzględnić między innymi: umowy leasingu, zobowiązania z tytułu udzielonych gwarancji innym podmiotom oraz na przykład zobowiązanie z tytułu czynszu najmu lokalu / nieruchomości, w przypadku umowy najmu zawartej na czas określony.
W ramach aktywów niematerialnych, wyróżnia się między innymi:
aktywa marketingowe, np. markę, znaki towarowe,
aktywa związane z klientami (bazy klientów, relacje),
kontrakty i umowy handlowe (zwłaszcza długoterminowe z kluczowymi klientami),
aktywa technologiczne (patenty, oprogramowanie, specjalne receptury, etc.)
Należy uwzględnić w tej metodzie zmianę wartości pieniądza w czasie, wynikającą głównie z przyszłych przepływów finansowych w ramach wyżej wymienionych aktywów niematerialnych.
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Źródło obrazka czołowego: obraz autorstwa <a href=”https://pl.freepik.com/darmowe-zdjecie/zblizenie-na-reczne-pisanie-na-kalkulatorze_19924889.htm#query=net%20assets%20valuation&position=3&from_view=search&track=ais”>Freepik</a>